• Export-biased growth that worsens terms of trade so that a country is worse off as a result.

  • The specialization of low-income countries in production of low-wage products.

  • Trade that hurts the poorest group of people.

  • Improvement in a countrys terms of trade at the expense of other countries.


Export-biased growth that worsens terms of trade so that a country is worse off as a result.

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