• Charlemagnes descendants were politically weak and disunited

  • Vikings began raiding northern France

  • Charlemagnes grandsons divided the empire into three parts

  • All the above


The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings who raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland.